Coupled and Coordinated Development of the Tourism Industry and Urbanization in Marginal and Less Developed Regions—Taking the Mountainous Border Areas of Western Yunnan as a Case Study
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(1) Background: Along with the maturity of smart cities, digital villages and smart villages are receiving more attention than ever before as the key to promote sustainable rural development. The Chinese government has made great efforts in promoting the digital development of villages in recent years, as evidenced by policies intensively introduced by the central and local governments, making China a typical representative country in the world. (2) Methods: This paper evaluates the performance and geographic pattern of rural digital development by the Geographic Information System (GIS) in Gansu, a less developed province in western China, and analyzes the driving mechanism of rural digital development using GeoDetector, providing a basis for spatial zoning and differentiated policy design for the construction, planning and management of digital villages based on the GE matrix. (3) Results: First, the development of digital villages shows a prominent geographical imbalance, with 79 counties divided into leader, follower and straggler levels. Second, digital villages show unsynchronized development in different dimensions, with the village facilities digitalization index in the lead and the village economy digitalization index lagging behind. Thirdly, the development of digital villages is characterized by significant spatial correlation and spillover effects, with cold and hot counties distributed in clusters, forming a “center-periphery” structure. Fourth, the factors show significant influence differentiation. They are classified into all-purpose, multifunctional and single-functional factors by their scope of action, and into key, important and auxiliary factors by their intensity of action. Fifth, the interaction and driving mechanism between different factors is quite complex, dominated by nonlinear enhancement and bifactor enhancement, and the synergistic effect of factor pairs helps increase the influence by 1–4 times. (4) Conclusions: It is suggested that the government develop differentiated policies for zoning planning and management based on the level of digital development of villages in combination with the factor influence and its driving mechanism and promote regional linkage and common development and governance through top-level design.
Since the concept of Smart Earth was introduced, the digital development of urban and rural areas has become a new global trend [1, 2]. The concept of the Smart Village originated from the Smart City, and just as the Digital City is the fundamental condition for the construction of the Smart City, the Digital Village is the prerequisite for the construction of the Smart Village [3, 4]. With the application and popularization of frontier technologies such as big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and Internet of Things, especially the maturation of digital cities and smart cities, traditional villages have gained an important opportunity for digital revolution and development, and the construction of digital villages and smart villages is becoming an emerging hot area [5, 6]. The digital village is a novel form of modern village construction featuring digital and intelligent production elements with the Internet platform as an operation carrier, and emerging practical technologies such as Internet of Things, cloud computing and big data as the means [7]. To boost the development of rural digitalization, many countries and regions have increased their support in recent years, as evidenced by the “Rural Broadband ReConnect Program” proposed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture [8], the “Smart Countryside Initiative” proposed by the European Commission [9, 10], the “Outline of Digital Rural Development Strategy” introduced by the Chinese central government [11] and Russian countryside online projects [12]. The level of rural digitalization varies greatly from country to country due to differences in start-up time, emphasis, investment intensity and driving mechanisms. Therefore, to better promote the construction of the Digital Village or Smart Village, it is of great theoretical significance and practical value to scientifically evaluate and analyze the characteristics of the current situation, determine the development disparities of different regions and reveal their influence factors and driving mechanisms [13].
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China is one of the earliest countries to integrate digital technology into rural development, and the government regards digitalization as an important strategy to achieve rural revitalization and sustainable development and make its planning and construction of “digital villages” a typical representative in the world [14]. The Chinese government has long regarded information technology as an important means to promote the development of rural modernization, and as early as 2005 the central government proposed to strengthen the development of agricultural and rural information technology. China is currently in the stage of rapid urbanization, characterized by a massive migration of rural populations to cities and towns and increasingly serious rural shrinkage and decay. To promote rural revitalization, the Chinese central government proposed the “Digital Rural Development Strategy” in 2018. Based on top-level design, the central government of China has successively released national policies such as the Outline of Digital Rural Development Strategy, the Plan for the Development of Digital Agriculture and Rural Areas (2019–2025) and the Notice on the Implementation of the National Digital Rural Pilot Project. To push the all-round construction of digital villages, the central government has further selected 117 counties for pilot projects of digital villages. The pilot counties are in all provincial-level administrative regions (including provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government), including 27 counties removed from the list of national-level poverty-stricken counties. To better implement the central government’s macro policies, about 70% of local governments have successively formulated digital village construction plans, practice solutions and other region-specific policies (according to the incomplete statistics by the authors based on policies released on provincial government websites as of 23 October 2022), and some provincial governments (e.g., Guangxi, Yunnan, etc.) have further set provincial digital village pilot counties (cities and districts). The results of the research on China can serve the Chinese government in policy making and can also provide constructive information for the development of digital villages or smart villages in similar countries around the world.
Digital villages and smart villages are the physical manifestations of rural information development at different stages with no essential difference. Therefore, this paper integrates the two in the literature analysis. Scholars are currently interested in the following areas.
Scholars have discussed the concept [15], analyzed the necessity and feasibility of rural digitization and intelligent development and proposed different approaches for different regions [16]. They also focus on thematic research on the development of different types of digital villages and smart villages. Most of the papers are dedicated to the analysis of the Smart Tourist Village [17], Taobao Village [18], such as the rural smart tourism service [19] and the development [20] model, which are spontaneous responses of villages to the development of smart tourism and e-commerce. Very few studies deal with the digital preservation and heritage strategies of smart eco-villages [21] and traditional ancient villages [22], such as the construction of traditional village digital archives [23], whose digital development is driven by government ecological or heritage conservation investments. Theoretical research is currently limited to superficial areas such as the definition of the basic connotation of digital villages and smart villages and the deconstruction of the development model of special types of digital and smart villages, while deep academic discussions on the driving mechanisms and evolutionary laws of rural digital development still remain blank (Table 1).
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Besides the analysis of digital or intelligent application modules, including development paths and solutions for smart rural transportation [24, 25], smart land [26], smart grids [27], smart metering [28], smart finance [29], smart governance [30] and scalable architecture for smart villages [31], the scholars focus on the latest applications of emerging digital and intelligent technologies in the development of villages or hamlets [32], including blockchain [33], Internet of Things [34, 35], machine learning [36], artificial intelligence [37] and big data technologies [38]. The increasing application of new generation information technology such as the Internet, big data and cloud computing in digital villages and new rural infrastructure in recent years has significantly accelerated digital, networked, intelligent and smart
Besides the analysis of digital or intelligent application modules, including development paths and solutions for smart rural transportation [24, 25], smart land [26], smart grids [27], smart metering [28], smart finance [29], smart governance [30] and scalable architecture for smart villages [31], the scholars focus on the latest applications of emerging digital and intelligent technologies in the development of villages or hamlets [32], including blockchain [33], Internet of Things [34, 35], machine learning [36], artificial intelligence [37] and big data technologies [38]. The increasing application of new generation information technology such as the Internet, big data and cloud computing in digital villages and new rural infrastructure in recent years has significantly accelerated digital, networked, intelligent and smart
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